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3.4 Collectivisation and the conquest of Phnom Penh: 1973–1975.

2.2 Developing the Marxist–Leninist movement: 1955–1959.

Conversely, he was widely denounced internationally for his role in the Cambodian genocide and is regarded as a totalitarian dictator guilty of crimes against humanity. To his supporters, he was a champion of Cambodian sovereignty in the face of Vietnamese imperialism and stood against the Marxist revisionism of the Soviet Union. Many claimed he deviated from orthodox Marxism–Leninism, but China backed his government as a bulwark against Soviet influence in Southeast Asia. Taking power at the height of Marxism–Leninism's global impact, Pol Pot proved divisive among the international communist movement. In 1998 the Khmer Rouge commander Ta Mok placed Pol Pot under house arrest, shortly after which he died. In declining health, Pol Pot stepped back from many of his roles in the movement. The Khmer Rouge retreated to the jungles near the Thai border, from where they continued to fight. After several years of border clashes, the newly unified Vietnam invaded Cambodia in December 1978, toppling Pol Pot and installing a rival Marxist–Leninist government in 1979. Repeated purges of the CPK generated growing discontent by 1978 Cambodian soldiers were mounting a rebellion in the east. Pursuing complete egalitarianism, money was abolished and all citizens were made to wear the same black clothing. Seeking to create an agrarian socialist society that he believed would evolve into a communist society, Pol Pot's government forcibly relocated the urban population to the countryside to work on collective farms.

Pol Pot transformed Cambodia into a one-party state called Democratic Kampuchea. Aided by the Việt Cộng militia and North Vietnamese troops, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge forces advanced and controlled all of Cambodia by 1975. After Lon Nol ousted Sihanouk in a 1970 coup, Pol Pot's forces sided with the deposed leader against the new government, which was bolstered by the United States military.

In 1968, he relaunched the war against Sihanouk's government.

To avoid state repression, in 1962 he relocated to a jungle encampment and in 1963 became the CPK's leader. In 1959, he helped formalise the movement into the Kampuchean Labour Party, which was later renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK). Following the Khmer Việt Minh's 1954 retreat into Marxist–Leninist controlled North Vietnam, Pol Pot returned to Phnom Penh, working as a teacher while remaining a central member of Cambodia's Marxist–Leninist movement. Returning to Cambodia in 1953, he involved himself in the Marxist–Leninist Khmer Việt Minh organisation and its guerrilla war against King Norodom Sihanouk's newly independent government. While in Paris during the 1940s, he joined the French Communist Party. Under his administration, Cambodia was converted into a one-party communist state in which mass executions, forced labor, physical abuse, malnutrition, and disease culminated in the deaths of 1.5 to 2 million people, nearly a quarter of Cambodia's population in 1975.īorn to a prosperous farmer in Prek Sbauv, French Cambodia, Pol Pot was educated at some of Cambodia's most elite schools. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and a Khmer nationalist, he was a leading member of Cambodia's communist movement, the Khmer Rouge, from 1963 until 1997 and served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea from 1963 to 1981. Pol Pot (born Saloth Sâr – 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian revolutionary and politician who governed Cambodia as the Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea between 19, during the Cambodian genocide. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.